Sa Huỳnh Culture and Its Relationship with the Islands of Southeast Asia
Keywords:
Sa Huỳnh culture, exchange, pan-regional network and Central Vietnam, SEA islands, maritime trade routesAbstract
From the 5th century BC to the 5th century AD, Southeast Asia (SEA) experienced a dynamic evolution in its historical and cultural development, characterized by significant transformations across various facets of society. These changes left a profound impact on social structures, economic systems, technological advancements, and the tangible as well as intangible aspects of local communities during ancient times. Both indigenous and exogenous factors played pivotal roles in driving these changes. The geo-cultural position of Central Vietnam, strategically located at the crossroads of North and South, East and West, and bridging East Asia with Southeast Asia, made the inhabitants of Sa Huỳnh integral to networks facilitating the exchange of people, goods, technology, and ideas. This research centers on two main themes. It utilizes recent archaeological discoveries from the Sa Huỳnh culture and Early Iron Age cultures in Southeast Asia, employing trade and social archaeology theory and methods. These are used to examine the archaeological evidence that illustrates the intricate relationships and interactions of the Sa Huỳnh people with the external world, particularly the SEA Islands. Additionally, it explores the nature of these interactions and their role in fostering the growing social complexity within Sa Huỳnh society or societies.
Classification number
Archeology
Downloads
Published
2023-12-22
References
Bérénice, B. (2009). Late prehistoric South China Sea coastal people: Ρenninsular Thailand and Sa Huynh communities. International conference 100 years of discoveries and studies on Sa Huynh culture, Quang Ngai, Vietnam.
5 Gò Cây Tung site, located in Thới Sơn village, Tịnh Biên district, An Giang province. This site was discovered in 1990 and has been excavated several times. The thickness of cultural strata is around 2-3m and consisted of Pre-historic - Pre-Óc Eo - Óc Eo cultural layers. It is worthy to note, that the prehistoric stone tools uncovered in Gò Cây Tung are distinct from the Đồng Nai culture while bearing the similarities with the stone implements in Malaysia, especially the barker adze and hoe with round cylindrical body. There were found the vestiges of locally making of these stone tools (Phạm Đức Mạnh et al., 2009: 85-86).
Bérénice, B. (2017). Development of maritime trade polities and diffusion of the “South China Sea sphere of interaction pan-regional culture”: The Khao Sek excavations and industries’ studies contribution. Archaeological Research in Asia, 13: 1- 12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ara.2017.06.004
Bùi Chí Hoàng, Nguyễn Khánh Trung Kiên & Nguyễn Đức Tâm. (2016). Archeological site Diên Hoà, Khánh Hoà province. Hồng Đức Pubishing House. Hanoi.
Bulbeck, D. (2004). Indigenous traditions and exogenous influences in the early history of peninsular Malaysia. In Glover, I. C. & Bellwood, P. (eds.), Southeast Asia, from prehistory to history. London, Routledge/Curzon Press.
Castilo, C. (2011). Rice in Thailand: The archaeobotanical contribution. Rice, 4: 114-120. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s12284-011-9070-2
Glover, C. I. (1990). Early trade between India and Southeast Asia: A link in the development of a world trading system. Occasional Papers, No. 16. Centre for South-East Asian Studies. University of Hull.
Glover, C. I. (1998). The role of India in the late prehistory of South-east Asia. Journal of South-east Asian Archaeology, 18: 21-49.
Glover, C. I. (2009). Sa Huynh - a socio-cultural type. International conference 100 years of discoveries and studies on Sa Huynh culture, Quang Ngai, Vietnam.
Great Plenty of Almug Trees. (2001). The trade in Southeast Asian: Aromatic woods in the Indian Ocean and China, 500 BC-AD 1500. The Great Circle, 23(2).
Hà Văn Tấn. (1984-1985). Prehistoric pottery in Viet Nam and its relationships with Southeast Asia. Asian Perspectives, 26(1): 135-146.
Hung Hsiao-Chun. (2009). The Sa Huynh Kalanay interaction sphere beyond the South China Sea. International conference 100 years of discoveries and studies on Sa Huynh Culture, Quang Ngai, Vietnam. Hung Hsiao-Chun. (2012). Interactions between Pre-Sa Huỳnh and Sa Huỳnh-Kalanay cultures through the South China Sea. Scientific notice of the Vietnam National Museum of History, 1: 45-58.
Kenneth, R. H. (2011). A history of early Southeast Asia, maritime trade and societal development, 100-1500.
Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
Lâm Thị Mỹ Dung. (2018). Sa Huỳnh - Linyi - Champa, the 5th century BC - the 5th century AD: Some archaeological issues. Thế Giới Publishers. Hanoi.
Manguin Pierre, M. (1996). Southeast Asian shipping in the Indian Ocean during the 1st millennium AD. In Ray H. P. & Salles J. E. (eds.), Tradition and archeology, early maritime contacts in the Indian Ocean. Lyon/New Delhi: Manohar (maison de l’Orient Méditeréranéen (NISTADS): 191-198.
Mariko YAMAGATA. (2009). A Comparative study between Sa Huynh and Sa Huynh related pottery in Southeast Asia. International conference 100 years of discoveries and studies on Sa Huynh culture, Quang Ngai, Vietnam.
Mariko YAMAGATA. (2018). Localization of the Kalanay pottery complex at Hòa Diêm, Thổ Chu, and Óc Eo in Vietnam; examining the historical background from the 1st to 3rd centuries CE. Maritime exchange and localization across the South China Sea, 500BC-500AD. Institute of Archaeology - National Cheng-Kung University, French School of Asian Studies (EFEO), Tainan, Taiwan, 11.2018.
Nguyễn Kim Dung. (24 September 2017). The Sa Huynh culture in ancient regional trade networks: A comparative study of ornaments. New perspectives in Southeast Asian and pacific prehistory. http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/n2320/html/ch18.xhtml
Nguyễn Quốc Mạnh. (2019). Pre-Óc Eo sites in Long Xuyên Quadrangle and their role to the formation of Óc Eo culture in Southwest Vietnam. [Doctoral thesis in Archeology, Graduate Academy of Social Sciences, Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences, Hanoi].
Phạm Đức Mạnh, Đỗ Ngọc Chiến & Nguyễn Công Chuyên. (2009). The Gò Cây Tung prehistoric complex in An Giang province, the new materials and interpretations. Óc Eo culture - awareness and solutions to preserve and promote the value of the relics. Long Xuyên: 85-86.
Pierre, M. (1993). Trading ships of the South China Sea. Shipbuilding techniques and their role in the history of the development of Asian trade networks. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 36(3): 253-280.
Reinecke, A. (2015). Ancient gold and silver jewelry and the beginnings of gold working in Mainland Southeast Asia, Gold in Early Southeast Asia, Yale University Council on Southeast Asia Studies: 125-166. Reinecke, A. (2018). Trade ware - migrants’ heirlooms - local copies? The Vietnamese Coast between 300 BC and 100 AD. Maritime exchange and localization across the South China Sea, 500 BC – 500 AD. Institute of Archaeology - National Cheng-Kung University, French School of Asian Studies (EFEO), Tainan, Taiwan, 11.2018.
Simkin C. G. F. (1968). The traditional trade of Asia. Oxford University Press.
Trương Đắc Chiến. (2017). Giồng Lớn site and its role in the formation of Óc Eo culture on coastal Southeast Vietnam. [Doctoral thesis of History, University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Vietnam National University, Hanoi].
5 Gò Cây Tung site, located in Thới Sơn village, Tịnh Biên district, An Giang province. This site was discovered in 1990 and has been excavated several times. The thickness of cultural strata is around 2-3m and consisted of Pre-historic - Pre-Óc Eo - Óc Eo cultural layers. It is worthy to note, that the prehistoric stone tools uncovered in Gò Cây Tung are distinct from the Đồng Nai culture while bearing the similarities with the stone implements in Malaysia, especially the barker adze and hoe with round cylindrical body. There were found the vestiges of locally making of these stone tools (Phạm Đức Mạnh et al., 2009: 85-86).
Bérénice, B. (2017). Development of maritime trade polities and diffusion of the “South China Sea sphere of interaction pan-regional culture”: The Khao Sek excavations and industries’ studies contribution. Archaeological Research in Asia, 13: 1- 12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ara.2017.06.004
Bùi Chí Hoàng, Nguyễn Khánh Trung Kiên & Nguyễn Đức Tâm. (2016). Archeological site Diên Hoà, Khánh Hoà province. Hồng Đức Pubishing House. Hanoi.
Bulbeck, D. (2004). Indigenous traditions and exogenous influences in the early history of peninsular Malaysia. In Glover, I. C. & Bellwood, P. (eds.), Southeast Asia, from prehistory to history. London, Routledge/Curzon Press.
Castilo, C. (2011). Rice in Thailand: The archaeobotanical contribution. Rice, 4: 114-120. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s12284-011-9070-2
Glover, C. I. (1990). Early trade between India and Southeast Asia: A link in the development of a world trading system. Occasional Papers, No. 16. Centre for South-East Asian Studies. University of Hull.
Glover, C. I. (1998). The role of India in the late prehistory of South-east Asia. Journal of South-east Asian Archaeology, 18: 21-49.
Glover, C. I. (2009). Sa Huynh - a socio-cultural type. International conference 100 years of discoveries and studies on Sa Huynh culture, Quang Ngai, Vietnam.
Great Plenty of Almug Trees. (2001). The trade in Southeast Asian: Aromatic woods in the Indian Ocean and China, 500 BC-AD 1500. The Great Circle, 23(2).
Hà Văn Tấn. (1984-1985). Prehistoric pottery in Viet Nam and its relationships with Southeast Asia. Asian Perspectives, 26(1): 135-146.
Hung Hsiao-Chun. (2009). The Sa Huynh Kalanay interaction sphere beyond the South China Sea. International conference 100 years of discoveries and studies on Sa Huynh Culture, Quang Ngai, Vietnam. Hung Hsiao-Chun. (2012). Interactions between Pre-Sa Huỳnh and Sa Huỳnh-Kalanay cultures through the South China Sea. Scientific notice of the Vietnam National Museum of History, 1: 45-58.
Kenneth, R. H. (2011). A history of early Southeast Asia, maritime trade and societal development, 100-1500.
Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
Lâm Thị Mỹ Dung. (2018). Sa Huỳnh - Linyi - Champa, the 5th century BC - the 5th century AD: Some archaeological issues. Thế Giới Publishers. Hanoi.
Manguin Pierre, M. (1996). Southeast Asian shipping in the Indian Ocean during the 1st millennium AD. In Ray H. P. & Salles J. E. (eds.), Tradition and archeology, early maritime contacts in the Indian Ocean. Lyon/New Delhi: Manohar (maison de l’Orient Méditeréranéen (NISTADS): 191-198.
Mariko YAMAGATA. (2009). A Comparative study between Sa Huynh and Sa Huynh related pottery in Southeast Asia. International conference 100 years of discoveries and studies on Sa Huynh culture, Quang Ngai, Vietnam.
Mariko YAMAGATA. (2018). Localization of the Kalanay pottery complex at Hòa Diêm, Thổ Chu, and Óc Eo in Vietnam; examining the historical background from the 1st to 3rd centuries CE. Maritime exchange and localization across the South China Sea, 500BC-500AD. Institute of Archaeology - National Cheng-Kung University, French School of Asian Studies (EFEO), Tainan, Taiwan, 11.2018.
Nguyễn Kim Dung. (24 September 2017). The Sa Huynh culture in ancient regional trade networks: A comparative study of ornaments. New perspectives in Southeast Asian and pacific prehistory. http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/n2320/html/ch18.xhtml
Nguyễn Quốc Mạnh. (2019). Pre-Óc Eo sites in Long Xuyên Quadrangle and their role to the formation of Óc Eo culture in Southwest Vietnam. [Doctoral thesis in Archeology, Graduate Academy of Social Sciences, Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences, Hanoi].
Phạm Đức Mạnh, Đỗ Ngọc Chiến & Nguyễn Công Chuyên. (2009). The Gò Cây Tung prehistoric complex in An Giang province, the new materials and interpretations. Óc Eo culture - awareness and solutions to preserve and promote the value of the relics. Long Xuyên: 85-86.
Pierre, M. (1993). Trading ships of the South China Sea. Shipbuilding techniques and their role in the history of the development of Asian trade networks. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 36(3): 253-280.
Reinecke, A. (2015). Ancient gold and silver jewelry and the beginnings of gold working in Mainland Southeast Asia, Gold in Early Southeast Asia, Yale University Council on Southeast Asia Studies: 125-166. Reinecke, A. (2018). Trade ware - migrants’ heirlooms - local copies? The Vietnamese Coast between 300 BC and 100 AD. Maritime exchange and localization across the South China Sea, 500 BC – 500 AD. Institute of Archaeology - National Cheng-Kung University, French School of Asian Studies (EFEO), Tainan, Taiwan, 11.2018.
Simkin C. G. F. (1968). The traditional trade of Asia. Oxford University Press.
Trương Đắc Chiến. (2017). Giồng Lớn site and its role in the formation of Óc Eo culture on coastal Southeast Vietnam. [Doctoral thesis of History, University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Vietnam National University, Hanoi].
